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Picture of Sultan Razia Soltan and Jermaine Jackson's Baby

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Ruler of the Delhi Sultanate from 1236 to 1240

Sultan

Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din
Sultan
Razia Jital.JPG

Billon jital coin of Razia
5th Sultan of Delhi
Reign 1236 − twenty Apr 1240
Predecessor Ruknuddin Firoz Shah
Successor Muizuddin Bahram
Built-in 1205
Badaun
Died xv October 1240
Kaithal, Delhi Sultanate
Burial

Bulbuli Khana near Turkman Gate, Delhi
Spouse Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia
Regnal name
Jalâlat-ud-Dîn Razia
Business firm Mamluk dynasty
Father Iltutmish
Female parent Turkan Khatun
Religion Sunni Islam

Sultan Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din [1] (Persian: سلطان رضیه الدنیا والدین) (died 15 October 1240, r. 1236–1240), popularly known every bit Razia Sultana, was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first female person Muslim ruler of the subcontinent, and the only female Muslim ruler of Delhi.

A daughter of Mamluk Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Razia administered Delhi during 1231–1232 when her father was busy in the Gwalior entrada. Co-ordinate to a peradventure counterfeit legend, impressed past her performance during this period, Iltutmish nominated Razia every bit his heir apparent after returning to Delhi. Iltutmish was succeeded by Razia'south half-brother Ruknuddin Firoz Shah, whose female parent Shah Turkan planned to execute her. During a rebellion against Ruknuddin, Razia instigated the general public against Shah Turkan, and ascended the throne later on Ruknuddin was deposed in 1236.

Razia's ascent was challenged by a section of nobles, some of whom ultimately joined her, while the others were defeated. The Turkic nobles who supported her expected her to be a figurehead, but she increasingly asserted her power. This, combined with her appointments of non-Turkic officers to of import posts, led to their resentment against her. She was deposed by a group of nobles in April 1240, afterwards having ruled for less than four years. She married one of the rebels – Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia – and attempted to regain the throne, but was defeated by her half-brother and successor Muizuddin Bahram in October that year, and was killed before long later on.

Names and titles [edit]

Razia's name is as well transliterated as Raḍiyya[ii] or Raziyya.[iii] The term "Sultana", used by some modern writers, is a misnomer as it means "the king's wife" rather than "female person ruler". Razia'south ain coins call her Sultan Jalalat al-Duniya wal-Din or as al-Sultan al-Muazzam Raziyat al-Din bint al-Sultan. The Sanskrit-language inscriptions of the Sultanate phone call her Jallaladina, while near-contemporary historian Minhaj calls her Sultan Raziyat al-Duniya wa'fifty Din bint al-Sultan.[4] Raziya crushed her opponents. She gave college position to non-Turk nobles.

Early life [edit]

Razia was born to the Delhi Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, a Turkic slave (mamluk) of his predecessor Qutb al-Din Aibak. Razia'due south female parent – Turkan Khatun was a girl of Qutb al-Din Aibak,[3] [five] and the chief married woman of Iltutmish.[2] Razia was the eldest daughter of Iltutmish, and probably his first-born child.[2]

Rise to the throne [edit]

Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son Nasiruddin Mahmud to be his successor, but this son died unexpectedly in 1229.[6] According to historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, Iltutmish believed his other sons were absorbed in pleasurable activities, and would exist incapable of managing the state diplomacy after his death. While leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231,Iltutmish left his daughter Razia as in-charge of Delhi's administration. Razia performed her duties so well that after returning to Delhi, Iltutmish decided to name her as his successor.[vii] Iltutmish ordered his officeholder mushrif-i mamlakat Tajul Mulk Mahmud Dabir to prepare a prescript naming Razia as the heir apparent.[vi] When his nobles questioned this conclusion on the basis that he had surviving sons, Iltutmish replied that Razia was more capable than his sons.[8]

All the same, after Iltutmish'south decease, the nobles appointed his son Ruknuddin Firuz as the new male monarch.It is suggested that during his final years, Iltutmish had agreed to appoint a son as his successor. This is suggested by the fact that after becoming seriously sick, he had recalled Ruknuddin from Lahore to Delhi.[viii] Some other possibility is that the legend of Iltutmish nominating Razia as his successor is a simulated story circulated by Razia's supporters subsequently her ascent. Minhaj is the only well-nigh-contemporary source that narrates this legend, and he did not witness the events or the alleged decree himself: he was in Gwalior at the fourth dimension, and did non return to Delhi until 1238.[two]

Ruknuddin was not an able ruler, and left the command of assistants to his female parent Shah Turkan. The duo's blinding and execution of Iltutmish's pop son Qutubuddin, combined with Shah Turkan's high-handedness, led to rebellions by several nobles, and fifty-fifty the wazir (prime number government minister) Nizamul Mulk Junaidi joined the rebels.[ix] This situation became worse, when the Turkic-origin slave officers close to Ruknuddin planned killings of the sultanate's Tazik (not-Turkic) officers. This led to the murders of several important Tazik officers, including Junaidi'due south son Ziyaul Mulk and Tajul Mulk Mahmud, who had drawn upwards the decree declaring Razia equally the heir apparent.[10] While Ruknuddin marched towards Kuhram to fight the rebels, Shah Turkan planned to execute Razia in Delhi. At a congregational prayer, Razia instigated the general public against Shah Turkan. A mob then attacked the royal palace and detained Shah Turkan. Several nobles and the ground forces pledged allegiance to Razia, and placed her on the throne,[11] making her the showtime female Muslim ruler in South Asia.[12] Ruknuddin marched back to Delhi,but Razia sent a force to arrest him:he was imprisoned and probably executed on xix Nov 1236, having ruled for less than 7 months.[11]

Razia's rising to the throne of Delhi was unique not merely considering she was a adult female, merely also because the support from the full general public was the driving force behind her engagement. According to the 14th century text Futuh-us-Salatin, she had asked the people to depose her if she failed to come across their expectations.[4]

Opposition to ascension [edit]

From the very beginning of her reign, Razia faced stiff opposition from nobles of Turkic origin. She had ascended the throne with the back up of the general public of Delhi rather than that of the powerful Turkic-origin provincial governors. Razia attempted to offset the power of the Turkic nobility by creating a class of non-Turkic nobles, which led to further opposition from the Turkic nobles.[13]

Nizamul Mulk Muhammad Junaidi, a 'Tazik' (non-Turkic) officer who had held the post of the wazir (prime minister) since Iltutmish's fourth dimension,[fourteen] refused to have her rise. He was joined by four Turkic nobles, who had also rebelled against Razia'southward predecessor Ruknuddin. These nobles included Malik Izzuddin Muhammad Salari of Badaun, Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz of Multan, Malik Saifuddin Kuchi of Hansi, and Malik Alauddin Jani of Lahore.[15] When these nobles marched against Razia from different directions, she sought help from Malik Nusratuddin Taisi, whom she had appointed equally the governor of Awadh. However, before long later crossing the Ganges on his way to Delhi, Taisi was captured by Kuchi'southward forces and died in captivity. [13]

Razia then led an ground forces out of the fortified urban center of Delhi to fight the rebels and ready a military camp on the banks of the Yamuna River. After some indecisive skirmishes, the rebel leaders Muhammad Salari and Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz decided to bring together Razia. They secretly met with Razia, and the grouping planned to abort other rebel leaders, including Junaidi. [13] However, Junaidi and other rebel leaders learned about the programme, and escaped, pursued by Razia'due south forces. Saifuddin Kuchi and his blood brother Fakhruddin were captured, imprisoned, and later executed. Junaidi fled to the Sirmaur hills and died there. Alauddin Jani was killed at the Nakawan village, and his head was afterwards brought to Delhi. [sixteen]

Reign [edit]

Immediately after ascending the throne, Razia made several of import appointments.[17]She appointed Khwaja Muhazzabuddin as her new wazir (prime minister), and conferred the championship Nizamul Mulk upon him. Muhazzabuddin had before served equally deputy to the previous wazir Junaidi. Razia appointed Malik Saifuddin Aibek Bahtu as the in-charge of her army, and conferred the title Qutlugh Khan upon him. Even so, Saifuddin died presently after, and Razia appointed Malik Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri to the newly created office of naib-i lashkar (in-accuse of the ground forces). Razia assigned the iqta' of Lahore, formerly held past the slain insubordinate Alauddin Jani, to Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz, the rebel who had joined her.[16] Razia appointed her loyalists to royal household positions, including Malik-i Kabir Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin as Amir-i Hajib and Malik Jamaluddin Yaqut as Amir-i Akhur.[xviii]

Minhaj mentions that shortly, all the nobles from Lakhnauti in the due east to Debal in the west acknowledged her authority.[16] Razia'due south first military campaign directed at non-rebels was an invasion of Ranthambore, whose Chahamana ruler had asserted his sovereignty after Iltutmish's death. Razia directed Malik Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri to march to Ranthambore: he was able to evacuate the Turkic nobles and officers from the fort, only was unable to subjugate the Chahamanas. The Chahamanas, in alliance with the Mewatis, captured a large part of present-day north-eastern Rajasthan, and carried out guerilla war around Delhi. Razia also sent a force to re-affirm Delhi's control over Gwalior, but this entrada had to exist aborted.[16]

During Razia's reign,the Shias revolted against the Sultanate, simply the rebellion was suppressed.[19] In a major incident, the Shia Qarmatians carried out an attack on the Jama masjid in Delhi. The Qarmatian leader Nuruddin Turk had before condemned the Sunni Shafi'i and Hanafi doctrines, and had gathered about ane,000 supporters from Delhi, Gujarat, Sindh, and the Doab. On five March 1237, he and his supporters entered the mosque, and started killing the Sunnis assembled at that place for the Friday prayers, earlier beingness attacked by the citizens.[twenty]

In 1238, Malik Hasan Qarlugh, the former Khwarazmian governor of Ghazni, faced a threat from the Mongols, and sent his son to Delhi, probably to seek a armed forces alliance against the Mongols. Razia received the prince courteously, assigned him the revenues of Baran for his expenses, just refused to form an alliance against the Mongols.[21]

Overthrow [edit]

The nobles who supported Razia intended her to be a figurehead, merely she increasingly asserted herself. For example, her initial coins were issued with her father's name, but by 1237–1238, she had started issuing coins solely in her own name.[22] Isami mentions that initially, she observed purdah: a screen separated her throne from the courtiers and the full general public, and she was surrounded by female person guards. Nonetheless, subsequently, she started actualization in public dressed in traditional male attire, wearing a cloak (qaba) and a chapeau (kulah). She rode on elephants through the streets of Delhi, making public appearances like the earlier Sultans.[18]

Razia's increasing assertiveness and her appointment of non-Turkic people to of import posts created resentment amid the Turkic nobles.[18] The mail service of Amir-i Akhur had previously been held by officers of Turkic origin, and Yaqut was of Abyssinian origin: therefore, Razia's Turkic officers resented this appointment.[18] Chroniclers such as Isami, Sirhindi, Badauni, Firishta, and Nizamuddin Ahmad aspect Razia'south intimacy with Yaqut every bit a major cause of her downfall.[23]

In 1238–1239, Malik Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz – the governor of Lahore – rebelled confronting Razia, and she marched confronting him, forcing him to flee to Sodhra. Considering the surface area beyond Sodhra was controlled past the Mongols, and because Razia continued to pursue him, Izzuddin was forced to surrender and accept Razia's authority once over again. Razia treated him leniently; she took abroad the iqta of Lahore from him, merely assigned him the iqta of Multan, which Iltutmish had assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin Qaraqash Khan Aitigin.[24]

Razia had recalled Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin, a Turkic slave purchased by Iltutmish, to her court in Delhi, and made him Amir-i Hajib. She had also bestowed favours upon some other slave of Iltutmish – Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, by assigning him offset the iqta of Baran, then, the iqta of Tabarhinda. All the same, these two officers conspired with other Turkic officers to overthrow her, while she was away on the Lahore campaign.[25] Razia arrived in Delhi on 3 April 1240, and learned that Altunia had rebelled confronting her in Tabarhinda. Unaware that other nobles in Delhi had joined Altunia in conspiring confronting her, Razia marched towards Tabarhinda ten days later. At Tabarhinda, the rebel forces killed her loyalist Yaqut, and imprisoned her.[26]

Co-ordinate to Minhaj, Razia ruled for 3 years, 6 months, and 6 days.[20]

Alliance with Altunia and death [edit]

When the news of Razia's abort reached Delhi, the rebel nobles there appointed Muizuddin Bahram – a son of Iltutmish – on the throne.[26] He formally ascended the throne on 21 April 1240, and the nobles pledged allegiance to him on 5 May 1240.[27] The nobles expected the new male monarch to be a figurehead, and intended to command the affairs of the country through the newly created office of naib-i mamlakat (equivalent to regent), which was assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin. Nonetheless, the new king had Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin assassinated within 1–2 months.[28]

After deposing Razia, the nobles at Delhi had distributed important offices and iqtas among themselves, ignoring claims of Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, who had arrested Razia at Tabarhinda. After Aitigin'south death, Altunia lost all promise of realizing whatsoever benefits from Razia's overthrow, and decided to ally with her. Razia also saw this equally an opportunity to win dorsum the throne, and married Altunia in September 1240. The ii were supported by some other disgruntled Turkic nobles, including Malik Qaraqash and Malik Salari.[26]

Altunia assembled an army, which according to Isami, included Khokhars, Jats, and Rajputs. In September–Oct 1240, Sultan Muizuddin Bahram led an army against the forces of Altunia and Razia, and defeated them on fourteen October 1240. Altunia and Razia were forced to retreat to Kaithal, where they were deserted by their soldiers, and were killed by a group of robbers. Razia was killed on 15 October 1240.[26] [29]

She remains the only Muslim woman to have ever sat upon the throne of Delhi.[xxx]

Tomb [edit]

Graves of Razia and her sister

The grave of Razia is located at Mohalla Bulbuli Khana near Turkman Gate in Old Delhi.[31] The 14th century traveler Ibn Batuta mentions that Razia'due south tomb had become a pilgrimage center:[two] A dome had been built over information technology, and people sought blessings from it.[3]

Razia'due south grave is said to have been built by her successor and one-half-blood brother Bahram. Another grave, said to be of her sister Shazia, is located beside her grave. Razia was a devotee of the Sufi saint Shah Turkman Bayabani, and the identify where she is buried is said to be his hospice (khanqah).[32] [ folio needed ]

Today, the site is largely neglected: the Archaeological Survey of Bharat performs annual maintenance to information technology, but has been unable to beautify information technology further because it is surrounded by illegal structure, and is outgoing only through a narrow, congested lane. In the late 20th century, the local residents constructed a mosque near it.[31]

A ruined edifice in Kaithal is purported to be the site of Razia'south original grave.[33]

Coins [edit]

Coins of Razia are constitute in silverish and billon; 1 gold coin of Bengal style is as well known. Silverish Tankas were issued from both Bengal (Lakhnauti) and Delhi. Initially she issued coins from Delhi in the name of her begetter Iltumish citing the title Nasrat i.eastward female title of Nasir.[34]

  • Razia'southward Billon Jital coins

  • Budayun Type

  • Delhi Type

  • Delhi Blazon

Portrayals [edit]

Several Indian films have portrayed the empress. Razia Begum (1924) was an Indian silent moving picture past Nanubhai B. Desai and Bhagwati Prasad Mishra. Devendra Goel directed Razia Sultana, a 1961 Indian Hindi-language film which starred Nirupa Roy in the titular role. A notable portrayal was past Hema Malini in the 1983 biopic Razia Sultan by Kamal Amrohi.[35]

In 2015, And TV started airing Razia Sultan, a Television serial on the life of Razia, starring Pankhuri Awasthy as Razia and Rohit Purohit as Altunia.[36]

References [edit]

  1. ^ Minhaj-i-Siraj, Abu-'Umar-i-'Usman (1873). The Tabakat-i-Nasiri. Translated past Major H. One thousand. Raverty. London: Asiatic Club of Bengal. p. 637.
  2. ^ a b c d e Peter Jackson 2003, p. 46.
  3. ^ a b c Guida K. Jackson 1999, p. 341.
  4. ^ a b 1000. A. Nizami 1992, p. 237.
  5. ^ Sudha Sharma 2016, p. 141 quote:"Just as per Abu-Umar-i-Usman Minhaj-ud-din Siraj (Tabaqat-iNasiri), Turkan Khatun was the name of Razia's mother and not of this lady [Shah Turkan]."
  6. ^ a b K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 230.
  7. ^ 1000. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 230–231.
  8. ^ a b K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 231.
  9. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 235.
  10. ^ Grand. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 235–236.
  11. ^ a b 1000. A. Nizami 1992, p. 236.
  12. ^ Muzaffar Husain Syed 2011, p. 231.
  13. ^ a b c K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 238.
  14. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, p. 225.
  15. ^ One thousand. A. Nizami 1992, p. 235, 238.
  16. ^ a b c d 1000. A. Nizami 1992, p. 239.
  17. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 239–240.
  18. ^ a b c d Thou. A. Nizami 1992, p. 240.
  19. ^ Guida M. Jackson 1999, p. 342.
  20. ^ a b Yard. A. Nizami 1992, p. 243.
  21. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 243–244.
  22. ^ Peter Jackson 2003, p. 47.
  23. ^ Sudha Sharma 2016, p. 141.
  24. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 240–241.
  25. ^ Chiliad. A. Nizami 1992, p. 241.
  26. ^ a b c d Thousand. A. Nizami 1992, p. 242.
  27. ^ 1000. A. Nizami 1992, p. 244.
  28. ^ K. A. Nizami 1992, pp. 242–244.
  29. ^ Gabbay, Alyssa (1 January 2011). "In Reality a Man: Sultan Iltutmish, His Daughter, Raziya, and Gender Ambiguity in Thirteenth Century Northern Bharat" (PDF). Periodical of Persianate Studies. Brill Publishers. 4 (1): 48. doi:10.1163/187471611X568285. eISSN 1874-7167. ISSN 1874-7094. LCCN 2008236337. Retrieved 11 July 2021 – via UNCG University Libraries. The troops accompanying the couple abandoned them, and both Raziya and her husband were killed by Dacoits of Chambal well-nigh Kaithal on 25 Rabiʿ I 638/xiv October 1240.
  30. ^ Srivastava, Ashirbadi Lal (1964). The Sultanate of Delhi (711-1526 A.D.) fourth edition. Agra: Shiva Lal Agarwala & Co. (P.) Ltd. pp. 105–106.
  31. ^ a b Syed Abdullah Zaini (nine August 2013). "A forgotten tomb".
  32. ^ Rana Safvi, The Forgotten Cities of Delhi. Quote: "The lanes leading to her tomb are very confusing and i has to ask for directions at Bhojala Pahari. There is an ASI lath which leads into Bulbuli Khana. At the finish of some narrow, dingy lanes is some other stone sign past ASI, which announces the last resting identify of South Asia's outset female person monarch."
  33. ^ "Tomb of Razia Sultan". Haryana Tourism. Retrieved ten January 2020.
  34. ^ The Coins of the Indian Sultanates by Stan Goron & Goenka 2001, p. 26. sfn fault: no target: CITEREFThe_Coins_of_the_Indian_Sultanates_by_Stan_Goron_&_Goenka2001 (aid)
  35. ^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopaedia of Indian picture palace . British Pic Institute. Retrieved 12 August 2012.
  36. ^ PTI (four February 2015). "Tv set show about women emperor Razia Sultan launched". Indian Express. Retrieved xviii January 2020.

Bibliography [edit]

  • Guida Thou. Jackson, ed. (1999). Women Rulers Throughout the Ages: An Illustrated Guide . ABC-CLIO. p. 341. ISBN978-1-57607-091-eight.
  • K. A. Nizami (1992). "The Early Turkish Sultans of Delhi". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of Republic of india: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526). Vol. five (Second ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing Firm. OCLC 31870180.
  • Muzaffar Husain Syed, ed. (2011). Concise History of Islam. Vij Books. ISBN978-93-82573-47-0.
  • Peter Jackson (2003). The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-54329-iii.
  • Sudha Sharma (2016). The Status of Muslim Women in Medieval Bharat. SAGE. ISBN978-93-5150-565-5.

External links [edit]

  • Projection Continua: Biography of Sultan Raziyya bint Iltutmish

shockanxionce.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razia_Sultana

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